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Introduction: Liver cancer is the growth and spread of abnormal cells within the liver. These tumors may be accidentally discovered when a colon Gram is performed for one reason or another and may be discovered when the patient complains of symptoms caused by the tumor, abdominal pain, a significant mass, yellowing, nausea, or liver failure symptoms. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 40 liver cancer patients and 40 apparently healthy individuals (20 males and 20 females) as control from Al-Amal Hospital, Iraq. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), GPT, GOT, ALP, and bilirubin were estimated using kits from Biolabo company (France) using colorimetric method. LAP was purified from the serum of liver cancer patients (15 mL of serum) using the following steps: (1) Addition ammonium sulfate (45%, 9 g), the precipitate was dissolved in a less amount of phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2); (2) dialysis, phosphate buffer solution pH 7; (3) gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G50), pH 6 flow rate was 3 ml/min column (25 × 2 cm); and (4) ion exchange the flow rate was 3 ml/2 min according to the literature. Results: In this study, several biochemical parameters for liver cancer patients have been measured LAP, GPT and GOT, ALP, and bilirubin. Results showed a highly significant increase (P < 0.05) in the serum levels of LPA, GOT, GPT, ALP activity, and levels of total bilirubin in comparison with the control group. There were no significant differences between genders (males and females) and no significant differences between ages. LAP was purified from liver cancer patients using ammonium sulfate salt for precipitation then dialyses using 0.1 M Tris-HCL buffer pH7, then filtrated by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-50 followed by ion exchange. Kinetic study of purified enzyme shows that the optimum pH was 8.5, optimum temperature 37°C, Vma ×20.2 U/L, and Km 0.16 mM. Conclusion: There was a highly significant increase (P < 0.05) in the serum levels of LPA, GOT, GPT, ALP activity, and levels of total bilirubin in comparison with the control group. There were no significant differences between genders (males and females) and no significant differences between ages.

Introduction: Communicable diseases are illnesses which result from infections by microorganisms called pathogens and are contagious among individuals. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi all cause disease which may be spread among organisms. Coronaviruses, so named due to the outer fringe of envelope proteins resembling a crown (“corona” in Latin), are a family of enveloped RNA viruses. The newest member of the coronavirus family (2019 nCoV) has been recently identified that results in acute and severe respiratory syndrome in humans. Hence, the study aimed to determine the knowledge and anxiety on COVID-19 among adults living in Adukkamparai. Material and Methods: The descriptive research design was employed with 100 samples matched the inclusion criteria and was selected by purposive sampling technique. Self- administered structured multiple choice questionnaires was administered to assess the knowledge level and Spielberger’s state anxiety scale was administered to assess anxiety level of samples. Results: The study findings inferred that the people do not have adequate knowledge on COVID-19 and had mild anxiety. Most of the adults had 57 (57%) had moderate knowledge, and 0 (0%) had adequate knowledge on COVID-19. There exists a mild level of anxiety among 61% and 28% experiences with a moderate level of anxiety and 11% experiences severe anxiety on COVID-19 among adults. The findings suggested that there was a significant association between the level of anxiety with their selected demographic variables. Conclusion: The present study had assessed knowledge and anxiety level toward COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak. Health education schemes aim at improving COVID-19 knowledge and helpful for encouraging optimistic attitudes and maintaining safe practices. Hopefully, under the combined efforts of Indian authorities and everyone Indian resident, India surely will win the battle against COVID-19 within the near future.

Background: Newborns have irregular breathing patterns that concern new parents. They can breathe fast, take long pauses between breaths, and make unusual noises. A newborn takes 30–60 breaths per minute. This can slow down to 20 times per minute while they sleep. At 6 months, babies breathe about 25–40 times per minute. Newborns can also take rapid breaths and then pause for up to 10 s at a time. Aim: The present study aims are to assess the effectiveness of prone and supine position on a respiratory pattern among of neonates with respiratory problems. Materials and Methods: The research design for the study is pre-experimental research design with two group pre-test post-test design. Convenient sampling technique was used to select samples. Semi-structured interview was used to collect demographic data and bio-physiological method was to assess the respiratory pattern such as respiratory rate, respiratory depth, retraction, nasal flaring, and chest in drawing, wheezing, and oxygen saturation. The babies in experimental group were divided into two groups and placed in supine and prone position. After an hour, the respiratory pattern was re-assessed. Results: The study results show that the respiratory pattern variable wheezing had shown a statistically significant difference between the prone and supine position with a Chi- square value of 3.968 which was found to be statistically significant at P < 0.05. This indicates that prone position is more effective than supine position among neonates. Conclusion: Prone position also helps in maintaining respiratory pattern, especially oxygen saturation and helps in prompt recovery of the neonates from respiratory diseases.

Introduction: Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening, and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. Annona muricata is a member of the Annonaceae family and is a fruit tree with a long history of traditional use. It is used to cure diabetes mellitus. It has been used in many cultures to treat various ailments, including headache, insomnia, diabetes, and rheumatism, to even treat cancer. Materials and Methods: The plant A. muricata was purchased in a nursery in Chennai. The plant was allowed to grow for a few days and the leaves were collected for the study. The leaves were washed and crushed in mortar and pestle with acetone. Results: The aqueous extract of A. muricata showed a good concentration of alkaloids and flavonoids, thus indicating a good antioxidant property. Conclusion: From the study, it is evident that phytochemical analysis revealed a good antioxidant property and total phenolic content is analyzed.

The draft rules shall apply to the clinical trial, bioavailability or bioequivalence study, new drugs, and regulation of ethics committee relating to clinical trial and biomedical health research. The definition of new drugs has been modified to incorporate a novel drug delivery system (NDDS), living modified organism, monoclonal antibody, stem cells, gene therapeutic products, xenografts, etc. These rules provide for constitution, registration, functions, etc., of ethics committee relating to clinical trials or bioavailability and bioequivalence study, constitution, and registration of ethics committee (EC) relating to biomedical and health research. Registration of such EC shall be regulated by an authority to be designated by the department of H.R., regulation of clinical trial, bioavailability and bioequivalence (BA/BE) study of new drugs, and investigational new drugs. Key provisions are discussed in the article.

Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and the awareness about periodontal problems caused by smoking among smokers. Introduction: The periodontium is composed of the gingiva, alveolar mucosa, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. These components serve to support the teeth in their alveolar bone. Periodontal disease is a general term used to describe specific diseases that affect the gingiva and the supporting connective tissue and alveolar bone, which anchor the teeth in the jaws. The periodontal diseases are among the most common chronic disorders that have plagued humans for centuries. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among 100 smokers who volunteered were taken for the study. Moreover, the corresponding data were analyzed using statistical software. Results: It is evident from the study that the knowledge and awareness about periodontal problems caused by smoking among smokers is very low. Conclusion: Periodontal problems are more common, especially among smokers. However, the awareness about periodontal problems caused by smoking among smokers is very low, hence, there is an immediate need to create awareness about periodontal problems caused by smoking among smokers.

Introduction: Reading is an important skill that an individual acquires from childhood through their learning skills. It is very crucial to have a well-developed reading habit when you are students as it shapes the identity and personality of the individual. The activity of reading starts during childhood and persists throughout school and college. In the current generation of advanced science and technology, one does not only stick to book reading but also involves in digital learning and newer innovations. This has aroused a requirement to spread awareness regarding book reading habits of students from a different college. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a survey method among students of different colleges to discuss book reading habits of students. Results and Conclusion: Students should be made aware of the traditional book reading habits to incorporate it into their daily life, thereby reducing screen time and provide better goal planning skills..

Aim: The aim of the study was to appraise the antifungal properties of Jatropha curcas leaf ethanolic extract against Candida albicans as the most causative pathogen of vaginal candidiasis. Materials and Methods: The dried J. curcas leaf was extracted in 70% ethanol using a maceration method. The extract was then analyzed using a standard method to detect the antifungal phytochemical constituent. The antifungal potential of the extract was investigated using the agar diffusion method. To appraise the antifungal properties, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the extract was determined using the microdilution method. The MIC result then subcultured on the surface of agar media to obtain the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). As an anti-vaginal candidiasis candidate, the antifungal activity of the extract was compared to ketoconazole using the agar diffusion method. Results and Discussion: The extraction of J. curcas leaf yielded a thick extract in a weight of 228.92 g. The ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves contained phytochemical compounds as follows: Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The extract exhibited a dose-dependent antifungal activity against C. albicans. The MIC value of the extract exhibited the same range of concentration as the MFC value, i.e., 0.1 < MIC < 0.2 mg/mL. The comparative test value of extracts against ketoconazole is 1:96,078.78. Conclusion: We conclude that the antifungal characteristics of J. curcas leaf ethanolic extract are a fungicidal agent with a strong antifungal activity against C. albicans.

Capparis tomentosa belongs to the family Capparaceae commonly referred Afrikaans. The species is reported to occur in Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (which is documented as native), and Kenya (exotic). Conventionally, this plant has been used for cooking and medicinal purpose and its flower buds are trading in the international market and also its consummation. It is used for medicinal purposes, as food spice, in ritual cleansing, and for decorative purposes in Zimbabwe, Senegal, South Africa, and in Kenya where it is native. In herbal and traditional medicine, C. tomentosa is used to treat rheumatism, madness, snakebite, chest pain, jaundice, malaria, headache, coughs, pneumonia, constipation, infertility, and to prevent abortions. It is used to treat leprosy, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea. The phytochemicals that give the plant its unique biological activity are alkaloids, L’stachydrine, saponin glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoids, tannins, sterol, polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthranoids. Two important alkaloids, stachydrine, and 3-hydroxy-4 methoxy-3-methly-oxindole have been isolated from C. tomentosa. In this review, it has been shown that the plant parts (root, leaves, and fruit) have many traditional values, pharmacological uses, and phytochemical constituents that are an excellent source of healing or curing various diseases.

Introduction: Sambucus nigra is a deciduous shrub and a flowering plant belonging to the Adoxaceae family. It is native to most parts of Europe and North America. The ancient Romans used it in the treatment of chest diseases and were used in folk medicine in Turkey. Several types of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, Vitamins A and C, and protein can be derived from the extract of the black elderberry fruit. Materials and Methods: S. nigra dried fruit powder was purchased from online herbal and care and cure center. About 79% aqueous fruit extract of S. nigra was prepared. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done to find the phytochemical constituents of the extract and also total phenol content was quantitatively estimated. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as phlobatannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Carbohydrates were found comparatively more than the other phytochemicals. The total phenol content of the extract was found to be 5.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Conclusion: S. nigra fruit extract was found to be rich in antioxidants due to its high phenol content. Further, in vivo researches are required to analyze its antioxidant and anticancer potential to find applications in health care.

Introduction: Despite the growing and advancing technological methods of treating various diseases, the most straight forward and uncomplicated method of treating diseases without any side effects dates back to ancient ayurvedic medicine and herbs. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals of the extract was qualitatively analyzed and the antioxidant potential and total phenolic content of the extract was estimated. Result: The ethanolic extract of this herb showed a significantly high concentration of phytochemicals and concluded that this herb could be useful in curing various diseases apart from being a part of higher in vitro studies. Conclusion: The present study aims at determining the antioxidant potential and the phytochemical constituents of an annual herb vastly found in India and South Africa, namely, Coldenia procumbens.

In today’s era of increased standards of lifestyle and life expectancy, there has been a constant demand of the supplements by the consumers. Nutraceuticals are one such example of the supplements. Although very big opportunity is there in this business, there are no uniform regulatory requirements in different regions. Every nation is looking forward toward nutraceutical sector to keep the population of its nation healthy and safe by introducing certain rules and regulations. In general, the developed countries have regulations in place, but there are some countries such as countries in Asia pacific regions or in ASEAN countries which are yet to tune their regulations for nutraceutical products. The ASEAN countries involve highly commercialized markets such as Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The overall nutraceuticals market of ASEAN countries is growing at a CAGR rate of 8.4% approximately. In this, about 40% of the population consumes nutraceuticals on daily basis. ASEAN countries are coming up with harmonized regulation for dietary supplements. This could be one of the greatest opportunities for the manufacturers to introduce their products in ASEAN market. A special unit of Traditional Medicines and Health Supplements Product Working Group (TMHA PWG) helps the manufacturer to understand the regulatory procedure of these countries. Despite of countries own special requirements; the manufacturers can follow the standards and harmonized guidelines given by this working group. This present article is a first initiative to introduce the regulatory procedure and requirement for the international business developers to launch any new nutraceutical product into the ASEAN market.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre. Antioxidants play an important role in protecting cellular damage by reactive oxygen species. Plants containing phenolic compounds have been reported to possess strong antioxidant properties. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract of Dioscorea villosa was studied using different in vitro free radical scavenging models such as 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide. The DPPH results have been compared with the standard ascorbic acid. Result: The extract showed the good dose-dependent free radical scavenging property in both the models used in this study. Conclusion: This study suggests that the Gymnema sylvestre plant extract has antioxidant activity, which might be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stress- induced diseases. The results of the present study also indicate that the plant parts possess many phytochemicals which could be beneficial for human health.

Background: Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular to harmful damaged cells, pathogens, or irritants. It is characterized by redness, swollen joints, joint pain, its stiffness, and loss of joint function. Jasmine is a small shrub, native, and cultivated in the warm part of Asia. The traditional use of this plant has analgesic, antidepressants, antiseptic, sedative, and tonic effects. Essential oil of jasmine is used as a fragrance for skincare products and reduces skin inflammation, tones the skin, and lifts up the mood. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of jasmine oil. Materials and Methods: Jasmine oil was purchased online and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated using human red blood cells membrane stabilization method by hypotonicity-induced membrane lysis. Results and Discussion: Results showed that jasmine oil significantly increased the RBC membrane stability and decreased the hemolysis, which are measures of anti-inflammatory activity. The oil showed a dose-dependent increase in the activity. However, the activity was less when compared to the standard drug diclofenac. Conclusion: From the above study, it was found that jasmine oil possessed potential in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the learning efficiency of urine analysis obtained through conventional test tube method and reagent strip method among the undergraduates during their pathology practical examination. Background: This study was to identify the pros and cons of each method of urine analysis practiced and to analyze the most precise method of analysis. Results: From the study, it can be concluded that the learning efficiency of urine analysis using the reagent strip method is better than the conventional strip method. It is also time consuming and easy to be performed. Conclusion: The use of reagent strip method rather then conventional test tube method is less time consuming, reduces the ease of work and also helps us to perform multiple tests at the same time. Hence the use of reagent strip method can be recommended to perform urine analysis.

Introduction: Ocimum sanctum L. commonly known as holy basil, tulasi, or tulsi, an aromatic perennial plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae is considered as an Ayurvedic herb of Southeast Asia with a long history of traditional use. The phytochemical compounds present in it is highly complex containing many nutrients and other biologically active compounds which pose it as a medicinally valuable plant, that is, being used for the treatment of bronchitis, bronchial asthma, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, etc. Materials and Methods: The seed extract of O. sanctum was analyzed for its phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content. Results: In the present study, the ethanolic seed extracts of tulsi were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening tests. It was found that it contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and phlobatannins and total phenolic content on an increased amount. Conclusion: Investigations on the phytochemical aspects of the plant reveal high potential of tulsi to be used as a medicine for quite a number of life-threatening ailments, especially cancer.

Introduction: Pterocarpus marsupium also known as Malabar kino. It belongs to Fabaceae family and its native is India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is a part of herbal medicine used as a treatment for chronic diarrhea and gastric infection. Aim: This study aims to estimate the phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of P. marsupium. Materials and Methods: The plant sample was bought from herbal health care center. The herb P. marsupium was used in this study. The aqueous extract of P. marsupium was prepared. The phytochemical analysis was qualitatively analyzed and total phenol content was quantitative analyzed. Results: The phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of an increased concentration of alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The total phenolic content of P. marsupium was quantitatively measured to be 3.3 mg/g. Discussion: From the study, it is evident that the leaf extract is rich in phytochemical and total phenol content. Any herbal extract rich in total phenol content can act as potential antioxidant. Conclusion: P. marsupium is a plant with great potential and need to be further explored by future research.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the necessity of anatomical knowledge in clinical practice among dentists. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the necessity and importance of anatomical knowledge in clinical practice among dentists. Introduction: The anatomy is a fundamental subject and a branch of medical sciences dealt with the study of body parts with relations of each and every individual structure through dissection. The anatomy is the fundamental subject in biological, medical, dentistry, and other paramedical fields. It is achieved by dissecting and demonstrating the cadavers, and the knowledge is correlated with living subjects during medical examinations. Among the basic medical subject, the anatomy is such an important and difficult subject. The difficulties are mainly due to new terminologies and medical languages. There are studies that have conducted a questionnaire-based surveys to determine how anatomical knowledge is sustained and how the professionals are used in day-to-day surgical and clinical practicing. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire-based survey was conducted among dental students and practitioners in Chennai. The collected data were analyzed and expressed in a pie chart. Results: The present study has observed that the most of the individuals felt that the difficult subject amongst basic medical sciences subject is an anatomy. Conclusion: The present study, thus, concluded that knowledge of anatomy is of utmost important for successful clinical, dental, and others paraclinical practicing.

Introduction: Intraoral and extraoral photography is employed in orthodontics for documentation purposes. The ideal characteristics orthodontic photography is minimally distorted images or 1:1 magnification, a good depth of field and adequate illumination. Ideally, all the above characteristics should be standardized within one series of images, as well as consistent over long periods of time. The aim of this survey was to compare the image characteristics and operator perception of dental intraoral photographs taken using a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera and the dual camera of iPhone 7 plus. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of twenty images based multiple choice questions taken using a DSLR camera and an iPhone 7 plus were distributed among 100 orthodontists in the city. Various image characteristics such as contrast, brightness, depth of field, color reproducibility, clarity, and noise were used for the evaluation of photographs. Results: The primary outcome measure of this study was to assess the orthodontists’s perception toward the various image characteristics of intraoral photographs taken professionally using DSLR camera and the iPhone 7 plus. Discussion: About 84% of the participants felt that the pictures taken on the DSLR were better, 13% felt that the intraoral photographs on the dual camera of the iPhone 7 plus were better, while a meagre 2% found no significant difference.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) versus craniocervical flexion training (CCF) on cervical joint position sense of smartphone users. Methodology: An experimental study was done with 49 female subjects of age 18–25 years. They were divided into Groups A and B: CCF group and PNF group, respectively. Subjects who scored ≥99 in Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version and fulfilling the exclusion criteria were taken into the study. The study duration was 4 weeks. Pain, cervical AROM, and joint position sense were assessed using numeric pain rating scale, goniometer, and joint position sense error testing, respectively. Results: Paired t-test was used to statistically analyze the data. Both the groups showed equal significance in terms of retraining joint position sense with P ˂ 0.001. Group A and Group B showed comparatively more significance in reducing pain and increasing cervical AROM, respectively. Conclusion: Both the exercise regimes proved effective in retraining cervical joint position sense of smartphone users.

Background: Self-medication practice is expanding generally because of the accessibility of a variety of over the counter medications. Self-medication increases the odds of illegal utilization of medication and can prompt medication dependency. Because of uncontrolled utilization of OTC medications, signs and symptoms of underlying illnesses are suppressed thus occurrence of delayed diagnosis, complications, treatment failure and drug resistance are expanding. Utilization of Over the counter medication as well as self- medication is an extremely basic issue in India. Aims: The present study aims are to evaluate the knowledge and practice Of Self-medication among the urban and rural populations in selected urban and rural areas. Methods and materials: A Cross-sectional research design were used for the study. A total of 100 participants were selected using a Convenient sampling technique. Data were gathered using a self-structured questionnaire through a structured interview method. Results: The outcomes portray that majority of the rural (94%) and urban (80%) participants had adequate knowledge. The examination likewise uncovers that there was a high level of self- medication practice among rural (72%) than urban (52%) participants respectively. There was a significant association of knowledge with Education among urban participants and monthly income among rural participants. There was a noteworthy relationship of practice with the occupation among rural and type of family among rural & urban participants. Conclusion: The present study reveals that rural population had more knowledge and practice on self-medication than the urban population.

Pre-eclampsia is the most common hypertensive disorder during the 20th week of pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia which causes high blood pressure, protein leaks from the kidneys into the urine, and other conditions can affect any pregnant women. It usually characterized by edema, proteinuria, and convulsions. Hypertension can be characterized by pressure values equal to or higher than 140/90 mmHg usually from the second trimester of pregnancy. The main objective of this study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program regarding pre-eclampsia among antenatal mothers in government hospital, Thiruvallur. Quantitative approach and a quasi-experimental design one-group pre-test and post-test research design were adopted. The sample size was 60 antenatal mothers selected using non-probability convenient sampling technique from government hospital, Thiruvallur. The sample size for this study is antenatal mothers in the 2nd or 3rd trimester. Pre-test was conducted to assess the knowledge of antenatal mother followed by the administration of planned teaching program. The study finding revealed that after the administration of planned teaching program among antenatal mother’s, post-test mean score of knowledge was 14.40 with standard deviation 3.29 that was higher than the pre-test mean score of knowledge was 5.30 with standard deviation 2.38. Hence, there was a statistically significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores, and the hypothesis was accepted. The calculated paired “t” test value of t = 15.915 was found to be statistically highly significant at P < 0.001 association between post-test knowledge scores and sociodemographic variables. This clearly infers that there is significantly improvement in the post-test level of knowledge regarding pre-eclampsia among antenatal mothers.

Background of the Study: Vision could be a complex perceptual process that is often mistakenly believed to be purely mechanical. The complexity of human vision implies that almost a fifth of the brain is dedicated to visual processing cells. Eye discomfort could be common ill health experienced by computer users. Often, people are unaware of existing visual problems which will only come to light once they begin using computers due to the demand for the sensory system of this work is very high. Ophthalmic exercise reduces the danger of disease. Ophthalmic exercise is important for the nice vision of someone. However, the necessity of data and attitude may cause reduced eye problems. Proper ophthalmic exercise and adequate vision conditions play a significant role in reducing eye problems in developing countries. Aim: The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of ophthalmic exercises on visual discomfort among computer workers in a selected company, Chennai. Material and Methods: A quantitative true experimental research design was conducted among 50 computer workers. A random purposive sampling technique was used to select samples. Self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic data, and visual discomfort was assessed. The ophthalmic exercises were taught to the company workers and they were asked to perform the exercise every day for 1 week. After a week, the visual discomfort was reassessed. Result: The present study also shows that the demographic variable age had shown statistically significant association with the post-test level of visual discomfort among computer workers at P < 0.05 level, and the other demographic variables had not shown statistically significant association with the post-test level of visual discomfort among computer workers. Conclusion: The study thus indicates that the computer workers had a reduction in visual discomfort score after ophthalmic exercise and is also an effective method to prevent further complications that can be caused due to the computer vision syndrome.

Tissue bioadhesives are widely used in dermatology, surgery rooms, and in the field. Soft-tissue wounds and incisions are generally closed using sutures and staples, but those leave marks behind and can be very unpleasant for patients. In some cases, such as cosmetic surgery, specialty adhesives are used to fuse tissues together. However, these can be toxic and they tend to solidify into a harder form than native tissue. Here, a new approach is described for wound closure that is based on a biocompatible, low melting point four armed N-hydroxy succinimide modified polycaprolactone. It is inserted into a hot melt glue gun, melts on minimal pressure, and is extruded directly onto the wound, where it solidifies, bonding strongly with both edges of the wound and thus results in curing the wound.

Introduction: Soft-tissue esthetics are one of the major factors to be considered before and following the dental implant placement. Providing an esthetic restoration in the anterior region of the mouth has been the basis of peri-implant esthetics. To achieve this optimal esthetics, the mucosal tissue biotype plays an integral part during the implant treatment planning. The peri-implant mucosa consists of crestal bone and mucosal soft tissue around it. Both these parameters must be taken into consideration to achieve optimum implant esthetics. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice among dental clinicians about the factors considered for the evaluation of the soft-tissue esthetics before dental implant placement. Materials and Methods: The study was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. A total of 120 dentists were contacted to participate in the study. The target population entailed dental clinicians practicing dental implantology. Results: The total response rate recovered was 70% and the respondents comprised 30 males and 54 females, respectively. Only 68% of the dental clinicians knew the importance of this biotype of gingival tissue. Conclusion: The results showed that the knowledge, awareness, and practice of the general dentists regarding the importance of soft-tissue evaluation before dental implant treatment was not satisfactory. The implementation of the appropriate soft-tissue evaluation during the implant therapy planning will ensure an excellent esthetic outcome.

The evolution of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture and rapid shift prototyping technologies has led to a dramatic paradigm shift in all disciplines of dentistry, especially in the fields of prosthodontics and restorative dentistry. The integration of these systems with advances in biomaterials, such as zirconia high-strength ceramics, has led to an overhaul in prosthodontic patient education and health care. This article aims at reviewing the advantages, disadvantages of the use of rapid prototyping and computer-aided milling in prosthodontics.

Background: Pain is pain, but it’s not all the same the international association for the study of pain. Maternal fatigue is a subjective experience of whole body, encompassing the physical, emotional and cognitive functioning in the postpartum mothers. Aromatherapy is become a frequently used non biomedical method of managing pain and it also helps in promoting, relaxation, mood stimulation, sleep promotion. Aims: The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of aromatherapy on after pain and fatigue among postnatal mothers. Materials and Methods: A quantitative quasi experimental research design was conducted among 30 postnatal mothers by using a convenience sampling technique and 15 were divided in control and experimental group. The demographic data was collected using structured interview questionnaire. The pre-test was done to assess level of after pain by visual analogue scale and level of fatigue by fatigue assessment scale for both the experimental and control group. The experimental group was given aromatherapy by lavender oil, the control group was given a routine care and then the post test was done. Results and Discussion: The study results show that the level of fatigue was considerably reduced in the experimental group than the control group in the post test at P<0.005.This indicates aromatherapy is effective non pharmacological method and cost effective method to treat after pain and fatigue among postnatal mothers. Conclusion: The result of the study is it was concluded that aromatherapy as no side effects and it is easy and comfortable method which can be practiced to treat after pain and fatigue.

Introduction: Myths are traditional believes that are being followed by many people in many parts of the world. In their day- to-day life, dental professionals come across lots of patients following the myths. Myths can be prevalent in a population due to a variety of reasons such as cultural beliefs, social misconceptions, and poor education. Even though there are many awareness programs conducted, people still follow these myths ardently. Hence, understanding about the common myths prevailing in our country would help the professional in educating and providing a better oral health care. Aim: This study aims to acquire knowledge about various myths and misconceptions about oral heath present among the people. Objective: The objective of the study was as follows: (1) To identify the common myths and misconceptions in dentistry and (2) to create awareness among people about oral health. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the outpatient department. Over 270 participants visited during the study period and agreed to participate in the study that constituted the final sample. Eleven self-structured closed-ended questions were formed and given to the participants for their answers. The collected data were subjected for statistical analysis and Chi-square test was performed. Results: The 270 participants were grouped based on gender and education status. It showed that an average of 60.7% of our total participants believe in myths out of which most of them were male. There was a high significant value for most of the questions based on education status of the participants. Conclusion: Even though people are educated about the common oral problems and hygiene practices, education about various other oral issues has to be taken to the public. Dentist and media play a major role in creating awareness among people.

Objectives: The tablet dosage form is one of the dosage forms which can keep the extract contains more stable so that its properties are guaranteed. The objective of this study was to formulate the antidiabetic tablet of pisang tongka langit (Musa troglodytarum L.) extract with polyvinylpyrrolidone variations as binders. Materials and Methods: In this research, a tablet formulation of sticks sky fruit banana extract using wet granulation method through optimization of filler and binder variation. The optimization results showed that the formula with avicel PH 101 was the formula with the best filler. Binder variations used are 1%, 3%, and 5%. Of the three formulations, physical evaluation of granules and tablets was carried out, namely flow power, rest angle, and moisture content for granules and evaluation of weight, hardness, friability, and disintegration time for tablets. A thin-layer chromatography test was applied to determine whether any changes to the active compound extract. Results: It showed that the three tablet formulations did not damage or eliminate the chemical content of the extract of the fruit of the sticks sky fruit banana. Evaluation results were used to determine the best formula for the three formulas. Conclusion: From the evaluation results, it could be concluded that the best formula as formula 1.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome affecting the entire body characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or its action or both. Various methods are available in the diagnosis of DM, but an easy, simpler, and noninvasive method is using saliva in the diagnosis of the disease. Saliva is a complex body fluid secreted with a lot of variety of constituents. In DM, the glucose enters the saliva early from blood, leading to various amounts of glucose concentration in saliva in diabetes. Various studies have shown changes in saliva under stimulated and unstimulated conditions. It had shown weak to the strong positive correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose levels in both Type I and Type II diabetes patients. Furthermore, studies showed that salivary glucose levels were higher in unstimulated saliva than stimulated condition and some other studies did not show any significant difference in glucose concentration in saliva under stimulated and unstimulated conditions. Thus, saliva-based tests are used to diagnose, monitor the glucose levels in diabetic patients. Hence, in conclusion, salivary glucose with other salivary biomarkers may create an effective high sensitivity and specificity for screening DM in the near future.

Introduction: Arsenic (As) causes central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Treatment of As-induced disorders remains a challenge due to the lack of effective agents. Medicinal herbs can play a pivotal role in this aspect. Phyllanthus amarus is one among the indigenous medicinal plants with a lot of health benefits. The present study assessed the antianxiety effect of P. amarus ethanolic leaves extract in As-induced central nervous system (CNS) toxicity. Materials and Methods: Healthy adult Wistar albino rats of either sex were used for the study. Antianxiety activity of ethanolic leaves extract of P. amarus was evaluated using two models – Elevated Plus Maze and Light Dark Arena. After pharmacological experiments, animals were euthanized and brain dopamine levels were estimated. Results and Discussion: P. amarus leaves ethanolic extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly increased time spent in the open arms/light arena, shortened time spent in the closed arms/dark arena when compared to As treated rats. Sodium arsenite significantly decreased the activity of dopamine in the whole brain homogenate of rats. In treated groups, P. amarus ethanolic extract effectively increased the levels of dopamine; hence, it improved anxiety in the rat model. Conclusion: P. amarus leaves ethanolic extract has significant antianxiety activity in As-induced animal models.

Quality in the manufacturing and distribution of medicinal product is regarded to be the most important component of the pharmaceutical industry. The quality of the medicinal products corresponds to its goal of patients’ healing. Distribution of the drug is a central operation in the integrated pharmaceutical supply chain management. Specific storage environments and shelf life are the two difficulties of the supply chain for pharmaceutical products. Therefore, the management of the quality of medicinal products during delivery is crucial. To resolve this issue, regulatory authorities have provided guidelines on good distribution practices (GDPs). It is regarded as an integral basis of the pharmaceutical supply chain of management for ensuring the orderly delivery of medicinal products. Everyone involved in the supply chain must conform to relevant laws and regulations to preserve the actual quality of medical products. This article basically deals with the basic concept, importance, elements, global picture, and chapters involved in the GDPs guidelines.

Anterior teeth esthetics has always been a challenge for clinicians. For anterior teeth with spacing and discoloration with no carious involvement, ceramic veneers are one of the best treatment options. However, it requires minimal and accurate preparation along with good communication with the dental technician to fabricate the veneers. With the advent of various new types of ceramics, the choice of selection of material is also to be done diligently. This review article describes the various aspects of ceramic veneers for its preparation and fabrication which can serve as a guide for clinicians to successfully plan a case of ceramic veneers for anterior esthetics.

Introduction: Mouth ulcers are small, painful lesions that develop in the mouth or at the base of gums. They can make eating, drinking, and talking painful. Stress, anxiety, and depression are the most common causes of oral ulcers among dentistry students as they more likely tend to bite their cheeks and lips when anxious or stressed causing trauma to mouth and eventually leading to the development of oral stress ulcers. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the occurrence of oral stress ulcers among dentistry students during their course tenure. Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted among dentistry students across various dental colleges using a questionnaire. The questions were related to the frequency of occurrence of oral stress ulcers during their course tenure. A total of 15 questions were included. Results: About 86.8% of the students have experienced the occurrence of oral stress ulcers more than twice during their course tenure, 10.2% of the students have experienced the occurrence of oral stress ulcers only twice during their course tenure, 2.68% of the students have experienced the occurrence of oral stress ulcers only once during their course tenure, and 0.32% of the students seem to have not experienced the occurrence of oral stress at all. Conclusion: The high occurrence of oral stress ulcers among dentistry students highlights the importance of providing support programs and implementing preventive measures to help students, particularly those who are most susceptible to higher levels of these psychological conditions.

Work pressure and stress are the major issues which affect human health, mainly in the case of pregnant women. The main purpose of this article is how internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence can help us to control the mortality rate. IoT allows health-care professionals to be more attentive and to communicate proactively with patients. Nowadays, many people using various smart devices/IoT devices for constant health monitoring for infants. The findings are viewed through the IoT on the smartphone. The internet of medical things (IoMT) – network of interconnected medical devices – is an application of IoT for medical and health-related uses, collection of data, processing for testing, and monitoring. These IoMT devices are rapidly changing health-care delivery. Medical devices provide to send data over a shared network through WIFI.

Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol combination with Liv-52 on CCl4 induced liver disease in Wistar rats. Material and Methods: The hepatoprotective potential of vitamin D and liv-52 in rats was evaluated following intraperitoneally administration of CCl4, which enhanced hepatic oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, we found that CCl4 administration caused over expression of the free radicals and lipid peroxidation during the experiment. Results: Administration of vitamin D and liv-52 showed hepatic protection by significantly reduced expression of free radicals and LPO levels comparable to group I animals. Discussion: These findings were augmented with the biochemical results in which vitamin D and liv-52 was able to show an improvement in the liver condition. Conclusion: The results of current study indicate that, vitamin D combination with liv-52 may be a potential hepatoprotective effect against free radical scavenging activities and LPO.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to assess the relative efficacy of etanercept (ETN) monotherapy and combination of ETN with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to MTX. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 46 patients aged 18–70 years who have already been diagnosed with active adult onset RA despite MTX monotherapy (≥7.5 mg and ≤15 mg/week) for at least 3 months. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. Those who were given monotherapy with ETN 50 mg once weekly were assigned to Group I. Those who were given combination therapy of ETN added to the baseline dose of MTX (7.5 mg to 15 mg/week) were assigned to Group II. Modified three variable disease activity score DAS28(3) counting 28 joints DAS28(3), C-reactive protein, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was obtained from each recruited patients before commencement of therapy and at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 after commencement of therapy and was statistically analyzed. Results: The mean DAS28(3) score between two groups at week 16 showed significant difference (4.218 vs. 3.146; 95% CI ‒1.810–‒0.334; P = 0.0054; difference between mean: ‒1.072 ± 0.3662). Primary efficacy endpoint as well as secondary parameters showed better improvement in Group II. Conclusion: Group II who received a combination of ETN and MTX showed better results when compared to Group I who received ETN monotherapy in reducing disease activity and slowing down disease progression in patients with active RA with an inadequate response to MTX.

Aim: The clinical and biochemical parameters of patients with oral galvanosis were studied. A comprehensive examination of patients with galvanosis, which included an assessment of dental and somatic status, as well as a study of the content of low- and medium-molecular-weight substances (LMMWSs) in plasma, erythrocytes, and mixed saliva, was held. Materials and Methods: Patients with galvanosis who were also likely to have diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the circulatory system, and diseases of the nervous system prevail among comorbidities. Consequently, the course of the underlying disease in the examined patients is complicated by concomitant somatic pathology due to the observed polymorbidity. Results: The absolute values of the current value recorded in the oral cavity do not correlate with the subjective and objective manifestations of galvanosis. A positive average correlation was found between the severity of the development of galvanosis and the level of impedance in the oral cavity (r = 0.573, P < 0.001). The high level of LMMWSs in the blood (22.12 ± 0.77 c.u.) and mixed saliva (29.88 ± 0.62 c.u.) in patients with galvanosis indicates endogenous intoxication resulting from the impairment of many organs and systems, which is confirmed by the history and examination data. Conclusion: The placement of dental material into the oral cavity increases the degree of toxic load and has a negative impact on the surrounding tissues and the body as a whole.

Aim: This paper is devoted to the analysis of advanced scientific research about the role of superlow intensity extremely high frequency (EHF) effects on biological objects, including people. Materials and Methods: In this investigation was utilized Gunn diode with the flow of electromagnetic radiation superlow intensity of 10 μW and frequency 40–43 GHz. Results: The estimation of the influence of the millimeter radiation on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and the native blood has been performed. It was shown that the death of Staphylococcus is associated with the frequency of modulation signals of the radiation. The EHF irradiation of bacterial suspension for 1 min leads to the short-term disorders of the motor function of E. coli. Exposure by EHF of the super weak intensity causes inhibition of red blood cell function, which manifests itself in a decrease in their ability to aggregate. Conclusions: Our experimental data also prove that the intake of water activated by means of EHF radiation modifies the functional status of patients.

Aim: The article shows the benefits of treatment with bisoprolol in achieving optimal heart rate (HR) at rest (55–60/1 min) and identifies the prediction markers of its achievement in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) with post-infarction cardiosclerosis. Materials and Methods: It considers clinical and genetic data: Physical examination, 24-h electrocardiogram monitoring, 5-min study of HR variability, and Arg389Gly polymorphism of the ADRB1 gene. Results: The article proved that when an HR of 55–60 in 1 min is reached, the antianginal effect of bisoprolol is expressed better, the markers of the prognosis in the achievement of this HR are determined. Conclusion: Thus, in patients with stable CAD with post-infarction cardiosclerosis, it is not only necessary but also possible to identify factors that predict the effectiveness of bisoprolol treatment to individualize therapy with this drug.

Objectives: Assessment of the imbalance in the system of oxidative stress (OS) – antioxidant protection in patients with chronic pyelonephritis (CP) depending on the course of the disease. Materials and Methods: Patients were divided into three groups: The first group (29 patients) consisted of patients with a recurrent course of CP, exacerbations of 3 or more times per year course of pyelonephritis (CPr); the second (34 patients) – patients with active phase of pyelonephritis (CPc), having comorbid cardiovascular pathology (stable coronary heart disease with heart failure I-II FC); and the third control group (35 patients) consisted of patients with an active phase of the disease (CP) who has had a history of pyelonephritis for at least 5 years, rare exacerbations – not more than once in a year. Results: It was established that patients with a recurring CPr, an increase in OS activity and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production are characteristic against the background of a decrease in antioxidant protection parameters (AOP); moreover, the recurrent course of CP produced a more significant effect on patients: For patients with CPr (with 3 or more relapses per year) were characterized by lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) values compared with similar indicators in the group of patients with CP without relapse. For patients with CP and comorbid pathology, a disturbance in the oxidative balance was also characteristic, which was manifested by an increase in the average levels of MDA and diene conjugate (DC) in the blood serum (by 12.3% and 9.1%, respectively, P < 0.001) against the background of a decrease average values CAT content (by 18.2%, P < 0.001) and a pronounced tendency for a decrease in SOD. Conclusion: In comparison with the recurrent CPr in patients with comorbid pathology, OS was more pronounced, which was manifested in a significantly greater increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in AOP factors. Perhaps increased free radical activity is one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory syndrome in patients with CP and comorbid pathology.

Introduction: Choledocholithiasis is still an actual problem of the treatment of complicated forms of cholelithiasis. The difficulties in the treatment of this pathology are caused by the predominance of elderly and senile-aged patients whom biliary stenting in most cases can be used as the only method of treatment. The purpose of the study is to justify the usage of endobiliary prostheses with antiseptic coating in the treatment of patients with choledocholithiasis. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the results of 95 patients’ treatment with “difficult” choledocholithiasis, and in these cases, biliary endoprostheses were used at the first stage of curing. In 56 cases (Group 1 – 58.4%), stenting was performed with “traditional” plastic prostheses without special coating, 39 stentings (Group 2 – 41.6%) were performed with plastic stents, the surfaces of which were modified with 10% Betadine solution. Results: The frequency of patient’s post-operative complications of the 1st group was 19.64% and 7.69% in the 2nd group. The decrease of specific complications such as early stent obturation and the development of purulent cholangitis were identified. The rate of complications in cases of end biliary uncoated stenting using was 7.14% and 5.36%, and these complications occurred in 2.56% and 2.56% in the group where Betadine coating was used. The term of serving of the biliary stents in the 2nd group (182.3 ± 37.1 days) was significantly higher than the term of the uncoated stents (125.8 ± 33.9 days). Conclusion: The usage of the antiseptic coating reduces the risk of developing of purulent-septic complications and increases the duration of functioning of biliary stents in patients with “difficult” choledocholithiasis.

Objectives: In the paper, the data are given of the research on the prevalence of dental tissue abrasion (DTA) in adults of various age groups. Materials and Methods: The detailed dental examination of 1.924 patients (1.044 males and 880 females) at the ages from 21 to 89 was carried out. There were four groups: Young adults – from 18 to 44; middle-aged adults – from 45 to 59; older persons – from 60 to 74; and senile persons – from 75 to 89. Results: The prevalence of dental tissue pathology in adults depends on the age group and gender-specific features. The DTA is less common in young adults (4.98%) than in middle-aged adults (36.24%) as well as older (31.44%) and senile persons (17.2%). People of older age groups more often need treatment and preventive interventions oriented to teeth tissue. Conclusions: The study found that women are less susceptible to hard tooth tissue abrasion than men. With age, the number of people with tooth abrasion as well as its severity increases.

Aim: The work presents a rare example of a combination of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (J. Forestier disease) and bronchial asthma (BA) in the elderly. Hyperostosis localized in the cervical spine, on the one hand, was a condition for the uncontrolled course of asthma and difficulties in interpreting its cause, on the other hand, it acted as a component of the pathophysiological continuum of the metabolic syndrome (abdominal obesity, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia). Materials and Methods: The article presents the clinical observations of a man S., 66 years old and 30 years old, suffering from the leukotriene form of BA (polynosis and aspirin intolerance), who was hospitalized in the pulmonology department of the regional clinical hospital. In the last 8 months there is an uncontrolled course of bronchial asthma. Results: A more complex diagnostic and therapeutic task is presented by situations where Diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis (DIG) is combined with BA, suggesting not only the correct interpretation of the reasons for the increase in the severity of the pulmonological disease but also the search for a compromise in the choice of basic anti-asthma drugs with less osteoporotic activity. Conclusion: Thus, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DYSG), in cases of combination with BA, becomes an independent factor in the severity of the course and relapse, an additional condition for the difficulty in achieving control of respiratory pathology in the elderly, acting as a component of the pathogenetic constellation of the metabolic syndrome.

Aim: The aim of the study was to develop new approaches to the study of modern aspects of the clinical and morphological features of uterine blood flow in type I diabetes mellitus (DM) in the mother. Materials and Methods: Under our supervision, there were 40 pregnant women with type I DM. Clinical examination methods generally accepted in obstetric practice were used to assess the condition of the fetus, placenta, and blood flow in the fetal vessels and uterine arteries. Light microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy of two uterine fragments obtained during cesarean section were performed. Samples were examined using a FE1 Quanta 200 three-dimensional scanning microscope, analyzed, and morphometric and imaging were performed. Processing AFM images were formulated using the NOVA software (NT- MDT, Russian Federation). Results: Results obtained allow us to judge the adverse effect of diabetes on the mother’s body during pregnancy and childbirth. Among the complications of pregnancy, it should be noted: The state of preeclampsia (8%), fetoplacental insufficiency (88%), the threat of abortion (52%), and polyhydramnios (25%). Morphologically, we revealed plethora of the endometrium. A change in the shape of the myometrium with the presence of fragmentary destructive changes in the myometrium including focal necrosis and damage to the vascular system of the pregnant uterus. Conclusion: The paper substantiates the possibility of using scanning electron and AFM as express methods for morphofunctional diagnosis of a woman’s condition in pregnancy pathology.

Aim: The purpose of this work is to study the content of macronutrients in the tissues with oncourological pathology. Materials and Methods: Clinical examination material of 279 people was used in the work, 229 of them were men (82%) and 50 were women (18%). Elemental analysis of oxygen, carbon, calcium, nitrogen, and sulfur was carried out using a detector to record the spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation (EPAX company), which were integrated with “Quanta 600 FEG” scanning electron microscope. Results: With prostate cancer, the oxygen content decreased, so during Stage 1, the oxygen content decreased by 36.8% among middle-aged patients, and by 38.6% among elderly patients, Stage 2 – by 32.4% and 28.9%, Stage 3 – by 34.1% and 34.2%, and Stage 4 – by 30.9% and 35.1%. The nitrogen content changed insignificantly, carbon and sulfur decreased. The calcium index among middle-aged patients with Stage 1 prostate cancer increases by 10.6 and by 10.8 times among the elderly, while it is absent among the patients with Stages 2, 3, and 4. The nitrogen content among the patients with renal pathology did not change significantly, but there was a tendency of carbon, calcium, and sulfur increase and oxygen decrease. When they studied the level of macronutrients in bladder cancer, there was a tendency to nitrogen and carbon level increase, and in the groups of Stage 1 and 2 patients, the content of calcium and sulfur increased by 12.5 and 3.8 times, respectively, and oxygen was also reduced. Conclusions: We found that all groups demonstrated oxygen content decrease, most pronounced among Stage 2 patients with bladder cancer – 49.5%, which leads to tissue hypoxia in the studied organs. The nitrogen and carbon content varied slightly. The content of calcium and sulfur increases among the patients of all studied groups.

Aim: The problem of genital prolapse, despite such a long history of the disease, still does not have a definite solution. At present, the problem of genital prolapse in women remains relevant due to the high impact on the social part of life. Genital prolapse and impaired function of neighboring organs significantly reduce the quality of life. Every year, there are more and more articles linking genital prolapse with connective tissue pathology and with a change in collagen structure. This paper describes the relationship of polymorphisms of the collagen genes COL1A1 and COL3A1 and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women. This study aimed to analyze the effect of rs1800012 and rs1107946 polymorphisms of the COL1A1 gene, rs1800255 of the COL3A1 gene on the development of POP in women of the Belgorod region. Materials and Methods: In 2018, we analyzed 268 women who were residents of the city of Belgorod and the Belgorod region, among which two groups were identified. Group 1 (n = 53) included women who had signs of POP. Group 2 (n = 215) consisted of women with an objectively proven absence of prolapse. The study was carried out in the gynecological department of Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph. Results: In our study, it was found that the frequencies of polymorphisms of the COL1A1 and COL3A1 genes in residents of the Belgorod region did not differ from those in representatives of European populations. Thus, in the studied population of Belgorod women, the allele A of the rs1800255 polymorphism of the COL3A1 gene was characterized by a protective effect in relation to the predisposition to POP. Conclusion: In our study, a high association of rs1800255 polymorphism of the COL3A1 gene to POP in women of the Belgorod region was confirmed. At the same time, no connection between the rs1800012 and rs1107946 polymorphisms of the COL1A1 gene and genital prolapse was detected.

The goal of the present work was to produce intestinal targeted solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of budesonide, a potent glucocorticoid used to treat ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease with approximately 10–20% low bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism. Compritol 888 ATO as lipid carrier and guar gum as surfactant have been developed to enhance the oral bioavailability of budesonide-loaded SLNs. Budesonide-loaded SLN was prepared using the process of hot homogenization. Particle size, zeta potential, trap performance, and surface morphology were characterized as SLN. Studies of the release of drugs in vitro were carried out using dialysis bag diffusion technique in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Particle sizes of all formulations ranged from 127 ± 0.4 to 341 ± 0.2 nm and ranged from 56.38 ± 3.1 to 72.71 ± 1.2 for trapping capacity. Budesonide SLN was more effective in treating Crohn’s disease with improved oral bioavailability and could be a potential oral delivery carrier.

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the features and mechanisms of development of metabolic syndrome (MS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and intermediate states of glycemia in psychosis the occurrence of these disorders, the values of total cholesterol (TC), fractions of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), triglycerides (TG), values of atherogenic coefficient (AC), insulinemia, С-peptidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and in mentally healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: The frequency of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD) was studied. Fasting glycemia was determined, and in the presence of its violation, a glucose tolerance test was performed. MS components were studied in patients with DM2, plasma concentrations of TC, HDL, VLDL, TG, C-peptide (CP), insulin, and HbA1c were determined in patients with DM2, AC values and IR indices were calculated using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-IR and Caro criteria. Results: CMD in schizophrenia are more common than among mentally healthy subjects, amounting to 13.1% (P = 0.02), and the main condition here is a significant number of individuals with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) among women (CMD P = 0.01; IGT P < 0.001; IFG P = 0.03). A feature of psychiatric sampling is a decrease in HDL by 16.4% (P = 0.03) and an increase in AC by 52% (P = 0.02). Mentally, ill men with MS are characterized by a significantly large value of AC (P = 0.019), insulinemia (P = 0.02), CP level (P = 0.02), HOMA-IR (P = 0.01), and caro (P = 0.04) values than in mentally ill patients with DM2 without MS. In comparison with the control, regardless of gender, the schizophrenic patients with DM2 have significantly lower values of insulin (P = 0.03), C-peptidemia (P = 0.04), and IR, according to the criteria of HOMA-IR (P = 0.01) and caro (P = 0.03). Conclusion: In a prospective comparative analysis of a sample of patients with schizophrenia (n = 336) and a group of mentally healthy individuals, a higher prevalence of CMDs in psychosis was established due to cases of IFG and IGT in women.

Objective: Furcation perforation are procedural errors which result in mechanical communication between the root canal system and the external tooth surface, and pose a challenge in diagnosis and management. The objective of this paper is to report a case of nonsurgical endodontic management of an iatrogenic furcation perforation using advanced platelet-rich fibrin as internal matrix along with Biodentine. Case report: A 36-year-old male patient was referred from a private dental clinic for continuation of endodontic treatment in a maxillary molar, due to a procedural error. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed an iatrogenic furcation perforation. The perforation was repaired using Advanced Platelet rich fibrin (A-PRF) as an internal matrix along with Biodentine. Results: At 18-month follow-up, the patient was clinically asymptomatic and radiographic findings were normal. Conclusion: Perforations have been considered as one of the common causes of failure in endodontics. Early diagnosis and non- surgical approach to seal the perforation with a bioceramic-based material are considered the standard treatment protocol. Although biomaterials such as Mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine, are popularly used in perforation repair, recently the emphasis on regeneration of lost periodontium using platelet concentrates has extended the scope for application of these products in perforation repair yielding better healing. Adjunct use of A-PRF along with Biodentine resulted in successful healing in the present case. Future in vivo controlled studies are required to establish the regenerative potential platelet concentrates in perforation repair.

Background: Costus speciosus is an ornamental plant mainly found in Southeast Asia. It is used in complementary and alternative medicine and claimed to have various therapeutic uses. Objective: The present study was done to highlight the phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of C. speciosus using preliminary phytochemical assays, gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint analysis for flavonoids. Results: The ethanol extract was prepared by Soxhlet method. The percentage yield was approximately 9.26 wt/vol. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The GC–MS analysis showed six major peaks which were later identified to be 1-Dodecene, tridecane, 1-Hexadecene 2(4H)-Benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro- 4,4,7a-trimethyl, phytol acetate, hexadecanoic acid, and ethyl ester. HPTLC fingerprint analysis of flavonoids showed the presence of nine different types of flavonoids. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the various isolated phytochemicals including flavonoids could be the cause for the potential therapeutic benefit of Costus speciosus.

Background: A learning disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning disability results from a difference in the way a person’s brain is “wired.” Children with learning disabilities are as smart as or smarter than their peers. However, they may have difficulty reading, writing, spelling, and reasoning, recalling and/or organizing information if left to figure things out by them or if taught in conventional ways. A learning disability cannot be cured or fixed; it is a lifelong issue. With the right support and intervention, however, children with learning disabilities can succeed in school and go on to successful, often distinguished careers later in life. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge on learning disability among rural and urban primary school teachers, to compare the level of knowledge on learning disability among rural and urban primary school teachers, and to find out the association between the levels of knowledge on learning disability among rural and urban primary school teachers with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: A descriptive research design with purposive sampling technique was adopted to conduct a study among 30 rural and 30 urban primary school teachers. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the procedure. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Among 30 rural primary school teachers shows that level of knowledge regarding learning disability on (13%) had inadequate, (24%) had moderate, and (63%) had adequate knowledge. Were as urban school teachers (13%) had inadequate and (17%) moderately adequate knowledge and (70%) had adequate knowledge. The study shows that there is no significant association between the level of knowledge regarding learning disability among rural and urban primary school teachers with demographic variables such as age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, religion, type of family, income, residence, and year of experience. Conclusion: The studies concluded that there is no significant difference between the level of knowledge on learning disability among rural and urban primary school teachers.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) extrusion beyond the apex, also known as “a hypochlorite accident,” is a well-known complication that seldom occurs during root canal treatment. Knowledge of hypochlorite extrusions during endodontic treatment is primarily based on previously published case reports. The management of hypochlorite extrusions appears to be very empirical. This article proposes guidelines that pave way for better understanding of the factors, management, and prognosis of hypochlorite accidents.

Background: Routine vaccination is an inherent part of the health-care delivery system as it is the most effective health intervention in reducing the morbidity and mortality due to “Vaccine Preventable Diseases.” Most of the injectable vaccines are administered early in child’s life and always lead to some amount of fear to the parents as well as to the child. Breastfeeding is practical as it is easily achievable from the perspectives of health-care providers. Breastfeeding has analgesic effect during BCG immunization. A painful experience can have immediate, short term, long term, physiological, and behavioral effects in infants. Aims: The objective of our study is to assess the analgesic effect of breastfeeding in infants and level of pain during immunization at selected Government Hospital, Thiruvallur. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out between 27 February, 2020, and 12 March, 2020, enrolling infant between ages of 1 month and 12 months, attending immunization outpatient department. The babies in the experimental group were given breastfeeding during immunization. Results: In the experimental group, the mean score of pain among infants was 2.63 with standard deviation of 1.13 and the mean score of pain in the control group was 7.53 with standard deviation of 1.01. The calculated Chi-square and t-test value of t = 17.732 were found to be statistically highly significant at P < 0.001 level. Conclusion: This clearly infers that there was a significant reduction in the level of pain during immunization among infants in the experimental group who were breastfed during immunization than the infants in the control group.

Introduction: Various natural medicaments are being explored for use as an irrigant and intracanal medicament in endodontics. However, it is important to evaluate its cytotoxicity before usage in root canals. This study is aimed at evaluating the cytotoxicity of a potential intracanal drug. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Hekla lava and calcium hydroxide on the L929 fibroblast cell line. Materials and Methods: Formulations of Hekla lava and calcium hydroxide were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity. There were 96-well plastic culture plates filled with 200 μl of medium containing in each well. The plates were then incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 and 95% air for 24 h to permit attachment of the cells to the plates. The 3-(4, 5 dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used for measuring the cell viability. The plates were placed on a shaker for 15 min and the absorbance was read on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader at 570 nm. Results: The percentage of cell viability was calculated as the relative absorbance of the sample versus control wells as follows: % cell viability = mean optical density of experimental well/mean optical density of control well ×100. Treatment of L929 fibroblasts with 10 mg/mL of Hekla lava extract and calcium hydroxide resulted in 90% and 74.45% cell viability, respectively. Conclusion: Concentration played a significant role in the cytotoxicity profiles of Hekla lava and calcium hydroxide. No or minimal cytotoxicity was observed with a decrease in concentration. Calcium hydroxide became more toxic with exposure to cells when compared with Hekla lava.

Restorative dentistry is constantly evolving as a result of innovative treatment solutions based on new materials, treatment techniques, and technologies, with composite materials being a prime example. The advent of fiber reinforcement has further increased the potential uses of composites within restorative dentistry. This paper discusses fiber types, structure, and the physical properties of fiber-reinforced composites, in addition to outlining some of the potential clinical applications of this exciting group of materials, thus updating the reader on the new treatment possibilities.

Aim: This study aims to create awareness of iron supplementation and its related factors among students. Introduction: Iron is an important component responsible for maintaining of body functions such as regulating immune systems, brain function, and muscle strength. Mainly, the iron is present in the red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues; this process is achieved by the presence of the protein called hemoglobin. A sufficient amount of iron is important for the normal function of the vital organs of the human body. Materials and Methods: The present study has conducted questionnaire-based survey using SurveyPlanet as a survey tool. The responses from the individuals have been recorded and represented as pie charts. Results: The present study has observed that 36.30% get iron by consuming green leafy vegetable, 24.10% through whole grain cereals, and 14.20% through dry fruits, tiredness (50%), pale skin (28.10%), noticeable heart beats (15.60%), and head ache (6.30%) due to iron deficiency. Further the study observed that requirement of iron is necessary for proper cell functions through producing energy (43.90%) and need for oxygen consumption through blood (46.30%), menstruation may affect iron balance (84.60%), to overcome iron deficit to overcome iron deficit condition 72.40% consuming iron tablets [Figure 5], iron consumption causes weight gain (54.50%) [Figure 6]. Conclusion: The present study thus concluded that this study may cause awareness among student population.

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of warm-up on delayed onset of muscle soreness at the Quadriceps femoris following leg resistance exercise. Methodology: Fifty volunteers (men) were randomly assigned to the warm-up (10 min prior to the resistance exercise) and control group performing resistance exercise only. The resistance exercise consisted of quadriceps exercise with external loading of 50% (men) of body mass. Primary outcomes were muscle soreness and pain threshold along quadriceps femoris muscle. Data were recorded before the resistance exercise and after the exercise. Pain and muscle soreness were evaluated by Numerical rating scale(NRS) and soreness grading scale. Results: Muscle soreness & pain threshold at the quadriceps muscle belly was significantly reduced for the warmup group. This study indicates that warm-up exercise performed prior to resistance exercise may prevent muscle soreness at quadriceps muscle, but it does not prevent loss of muscle force. Conclusion: Executing warm up before physical activities such as running and high-intensity sports might be beneficial and prevent muscle soreness.